Реферат: International Raw Materials Market /english/

St-Petersburg State Technical University

The Department of Economic & Management

The Chair of World Economics

Work on subject

«International Raw Materials Market»

The Student A.E Epechourin

Group 1078/2

The Tutor O.G. Lebedinskaj

St-Petersburg

1997

Contents

Pages

Introduction 1

Trade intermediates and natural resources

I.I Middle products (intermediates)

I.II Natural resources

3

3

5

Raw Materials

6

Summary

10

Addendum 1

12

Bibliography

13

Introduction

Raw Materials - A natural of semifinished god that is used in
manufacturing or processing to make some other good. Bauxite is the raw
materials (ore) from which aluminum is made; aluminum is turn can be the
raw material from which household utensils are manufactured.[1]

2. There is another definitions from the subject area of raw materials
distinct from the above mentioned:

Raw materials are products immediately extracted from nature which have
undergone a first processing through which they have become marketable
and, consequently, a tradable commodity. Raw materials include all
energy raw materials (crude oil, natural gas, coal, uranium), metals,
semi-metals and industrial minerals (kaolin, graphite, sulfur, salts,
phosphates), rocks, water as well as all plant and animal products,
whether they come from tropical regions (coffee, jute, tropical timber)
or from temperate latitudes (wheat, meat, wool, etc.).[2]

Raw material economy: It comprises all activities which are part of the
planned handling of raw materials, i.e. explanation, evaluation,
extraction, conversion into a tradable product, trade and forecasting.
"Planned" here means economically useful, ecologically and socially
responsible activities.[2]

Resources are all natural material systems which as such are no
commodities, but the intactness of which is a basic prerequisite for the
continued existence of the earth's chemical and physical equilibrium
and, consequently, for the survival of mankind. Resources include: the
ozone balance, the CO2 balance, the equilibrium of sea water, the
tropical forest, the krill and fish population, etc.[2]

World resource balances are the planned (i.e. ecologically useful and
socially responsible) handling of resources. This comprises: the
explanation, evaluation, risk assessment and forecasting regarding world
resources.[2]

Current research emphasis [2]

international raw material balances

supply problems of the industrial countries

location disadvantages of the developing countries

dumping problems in international raw material trade

recycling as a source for raw materials

raw material deposits and connected environmental problems in east
Siberia (addendum 1)

structural questions and environmental problems of the Polish energy
and metal economy[2]

I. Trade intermediates and natural resources

Once international trade in more than final consumer goods is allowed,
basic notions of comparative advantage need to be re-examined. We have
already discussed the limitations in a multi-commodity word of comparing
autarky prices in two countries to predict item-by-item the pattern of
trade; generally only correlations can be made except under additional
assumptions. With trade in intermediates allowed, the problems in
predicting trade in final goods became even greater. As MakKenzie (1945)
remarked in one of his classic problem on the Ricardian model, the
familiar nineteenth century trade pattern in which Lancashire produced
and exported cotton textiles would most probably not have been observed
if England had had to grow its own cotton . We shall have occasion both
in this section and to revert to this theme: the pattern of trade in
final goods may not be readily deducible from the comparison of
pre-trade relative prices in these markets.[3]

I.I Middle products (intermediates)

The phrase «middle-products» was used by Sanyal and Jones (1982) to
encompass what traditionally are referred to as intermediate goods,
goods-in-process, and natural resources which have been extracted and
prepared for trade on world markets. The core concept in their model is
that of a productive spectrum whereby, at initial stages, natural
resources and raw materials are processed and, in the final stages,
goods-in-process and intermediate products are locally assembled for
national consumption. International trade, according to this view, takes
place in commodities, somewhere in the «middle» of this productive
spectrum, freeing up a nation’s input requirements in the final stages
of production from its output tradeable middle products at earlier
stages.[3]

Such a view of the role of international trade suggests a natural
division between that part of the economy which produces commodities
(middle products) for the world market (including the local economy),
called the Input Tier, and that section of the economy which makes use
of internationally traded middle products as input along with local
resources to produce none-trade goods for final consumption (the Output
Tier). Ruled out by assumption in the simple version on this model is
the notion that the «middle» stages of the productive spectrum might be
«thick» in the sense that tradeable middle products might use other
tradeable middle products as inputs. In addition, in production
structure in each tier of the economy as assumed to resemble that of the
specific-factors model. Labor is mobile both among sectors in each tier
and between tiers. The balance of payments provides an additional link
between the two tiers; if the trade account is balanced, the value of
total output from the Input Tier of the economy is matched by the value
of middle products used as inputs (along with labour) in the Output
Tier.[3]

Several types of questions have been raised in the context on this
model, and of central concern in each case is the allocation of labour
between tiers and the real wage. Fore example, a transfer payment which
gives rise to a trade surplus requires labour to be reallocated to the
Input Tier as consumption falls, and this serves unambiguously to
reduce the real wage.[3]

If domestic (and world) prices of trade middle products remain
constant to the small country, all non-labour inputs in the Output Tier
can be aggregated, a la Hicks, into a composite middle product input,
which serves to convert the production structure in the Output Tier from
an (n+1)-factor, n-commodity specific-factors model into a two-factors,
many-commodity Heckscher-Ohlin model.[3]

In the middle-products model Input Tier is the existence of a world
market in which middle products can be exchanged for each other that
permits such a conversion.[3]

The middle-products model allows countries and sectors to differ in the
extent to which local value must be added to transform middle products
into final commodities, and much depends upon this comparison. It
does not, however, focus upon another question: in а vertical
production structure with many stages, which goods-in-process or
middle products does а country import and which does it export?
Two recent papers have tackled this issue independently and with
different models. Sanyal (1980) assumes that in each of two
countries а commodity is produced in а continuum of stages, with
different Ricardian labor-only input structures. Depending upon
technological differences and relative country size, а cut-off point
will be determined, with one country producing the commodity from
raw material stage to some intermediate point, and then exporting
this good-in-process to the other country where labor is applied
to finish the production process. By contrast, Dixit and Grossman
(1982) use а specific-factors model, with one of the commodities
(manufacturing) produced in а continuum of stages using capital and
labor (the other sector using land and labor) . These stages are
arranged such that, as goods-in-process develop towards the final
stage, more labor-intensive techniques are required. Thus with two
countries, the labor-abundant country will tend to specialize in later
stages of the productive spectrum.[3]

They analyze how endowment changes alter the cut-off point, as well
as investigating issues related to content protection.[3]

I.II Natural resources

As Chapter 8 in this volume discusses, the normative question of
pricing natural resources (exhaustible or renewable) has received much
attention in the literature of the past decade. The middle-products
approach stresses that some activities, the extraction of natural
resources, must take place locally although international trade then
allows other countries access to these resources. Obviously,
comparative advantage changes over time for countries engaged in
exporting exhaustible resource. In early work Vanek (1963) traced
through the changing pattern of United States trade in natural
resources, and suggested that asymmetries in resource use and
availability could account for the Leontief paradox. In а context of
multi-level trade, the costs of recourse extraction in one country
often depend on the availability of foreign capital. Kemp and Ohyama
(1978) have presented а simple model of North - South trade in
which South makes use of Northern capital to develop its
resources and exports these resources to the North where they are
used to produce final commodities. They put their model to use in
exploring the normative issue of different degrees of bargaining
strength and ability to exploit via export taxes and tariffs in the two
regions. But the model also stresses the involvement of capital
flows in resource extraction. Schmitz and Helmberger (1979) argue
strongly for complementarity between trade in resources and trade
in capital, а point also stressed by Williams in his 1929 article.
We turn to consider more generally, now, the interaction between
trade in goods and trade in factors.[3]

Addendum 1

Siberia is Among Leaders in Raw Materials Markets[5]

Siberia's rating looks more impressive in some groups of goods than its
7-th general placing. Split the whole flow of commercial projects into 9
groups of goods, and for 6 of them Siberia joins the leading three:

Timber and Paper

I Siberia 32.6

II Moscow 19.1

III St.-Petersburg 14.2

Fuel

I Siberia 20.3

II Urals 13.2

III Moscow 12.3

Chemical Products

I Moscow 17.2

II Siberia 15.7

III St.-Petersburg 11.9

Construction Materials

I Moscow 22.0

II Siberia 14.1

III Urals 5.6

Transportation

I Moscow 23.6

II Siberia 12.4

III Volga 12.1

Metals

I St.-Petersburg 20.9

II Urals 19.6

III Siberia 11.7

Bibliography

«The New Polgrave a dictionary of economic» Editor: J.Eatwell,
M.Mmilgate P.Newman

Chair of Raw Material Economy and World Resource Balances Prof.
Dr.rer.nat. E. Machens (temporary appointment)

«Positive Theory of International Trade» Editor: R.W. Jones, J.P. Neary
(pages 31-37)

«The World Economy History & Prospect» Editor: W.W Rostow (part 52 «The
Future of the World Economy» , pages 610-618)

«Siberia is Among Leaders in Raw Materials Markets»Editors: Alexei
Alexeev, Andrey Kiselev

In Jones (1980) a two-country Recardian model is illustrated in which
one commodity requires an intermediate input and technologies differ
between countries The pattern of trade can be reversed as a result of
variations in the price of the traded intermediate.

Both papers cite the use of the continuum concept in Dornbusch,
Fischer, and Samuelson (1977).

А limitation of both papers is the assumption that costs (or factor
proportions) move monotonically from lower to higher stages of
production. If not, trade may take place а1 many points in the
productive spectrum in the absence of inhibiting transport costs.

This model is described in simplified terms by Findlay (1979).